Esc   by hooking code.

"Esc" by hooking code refers to intercepting or capturing the "Esc" key press event through code hooks, allowing custom actions or behaviors to be triggered when the "Esc" key is pressed on the keyboard.

 

Attribute of changing video service to information about font color...

The attribute for changing video service to information about font color is the text color attribute, which determines the color of the characters displayed on the screen.


Which service is used with int 13 for rea data write data and getting data.

The service used with INT 13 for reading, writing, and getting data is the BIOS Disk Services. These services provide low-level disk operations such as reading sectors, writing sectors, and retrieving disk information. They are accessed through INT 13 interrupt calls in x86 assembly language programming.

 

 Difference between 16bit and 32bit DIV

The main difference between 16-bit and 32-bit DIV is the range of values they can handle.

16-bit DIV can perform division operations on values ranging from -32,768 to 32,767, while 32-bit DIV can handle a much larger range from -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647.

 

In Multitasking which interrupt work as a scheduler, purpose of this interrupt...

The Timer Interrupt (usually INT 0x08 or IRQ0) serves as the scheduler interrupt in multitasking systems. It is responsible for periodically interrupting the current task and handing control over to the operating system's scheduler, which determines which task to run next based on scheduling policies. The purpose of this interrupt is to allocate CPU time among different tasks, ensuring fair sharing and efficient utilization of system resources.

 

Which value of Al, Ah, Dx register using int21 bye serial port....

The specific values of AL, AH, and DX registers used with INT 21h for serial port communication depend on the desired operation. For example, AL may hold 02h for reading from the serial port, 01h for writing to the serial port, AH is typically 0, and DX holds the I/O port number of the serial port (e.g., COM1=0x3F8, COM2=0x2F8, etc.).

 

What is interrupt chaining , which type JMP are used.?

Interrupt chaining is a technique where multiple interrupt service routines (ISRs) are linked together for sequential execution. Near JMP (short jump) instructions are commonly used to transfer control from one ISR to the next in the chain, as they allow for jumps within the same code segment.

 

Purpose of PIC

1.      Manage and prioritize interrupt requests from various hardware devices.

2.      Route interrupts to the appropriate interrupt handlers or interrupt service routines (ISRs).

3.      Enable interrupt masking and cascading for efficient interrupt handling and expansion of available interrupt lines.

 

 

Write three example of data movement instructions by SUN SPARK process

1.      LD [source], %register: Loads data from the memory location specified by [source] into the specified %register.

2.      ST %register, [destination]: Stores the contents of the specified %register into the memory location specified by [destination].

3.      MOV %register1, %register2: Moves the data from %register1 into %register2, allowing for direct register-to-register data transfer

 

how to update IRQ and Interrupt

To update IRQ and Interrupt settings:

1.      Identify the specific IRQ or Interrupt you want to update by referring to the hardware documentation or operating system settings.

2.      Modify the IRQ or Interrupt settings in the system configuration or BIOS setup. This can involve changing interrupt priorities, assigning different IRQs to devices, or enabling/disabling specific interrupts.

3.      Save the changes and restart the system for the updated IRQ and Interrupt settings to take effect. Verify the changes by checking the device manager or using system monitoring tools.

 

trap flag very closely relationship with debugger and interrupt explain

The trap flag is a CPU flag that, when enabled, causes the processor to generate a trap interrupt after every instruction. This feature is closely related to debugging, as it allows a debugger to gain control over the execution of a program at each instruction and analyze its state.

By setting the trap flag, the debugger can single-step through the program, halt execution at specific breakpoints, or examine and modify memory or registers during the trap interrupt. It facilitates precise control and analysis during the debugging process.

 

 

What are building blocks of organizational structure

1.      Departments or Divisions: Organizational units that group employees based on similar functions or tasks.

2.      Hierarchical Levels: The levels of authority and responsibility within the organization, such as top management, middle management, and frontline employees.

3.      Reporting Relationships: The lines of authority and communication that define how employees report to their supervisors or managers, creating a chain of command within the organization

 

How organization should manage stress